{"id":3010,"date":"2026-05-09T21:50:59","date_gmt":"2026-05-09T13:50:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tekno.bali-island.com\/?p=3010"},"modified":"2026-05-09T21:51:01","modified_gmt":"2026-05-09T13:51:01","slug":"ddl-types-de-donnees-cles-et-contraintes-dans-mysql","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tekno.bali-island.com\/fr\/articles\/ddl-types-de-donnees-cles-et-contraintes-dans-mysql\/","title":{"rendered":"DDL, Types de donn\u00e9es, Cl\u00e9s et Contraintes dans MySQL"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Introduction au Langage de D\u00e9finition de Donn\u00e9es (DDL)<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>DDL<\/strong>&nbsp;signifie&nbsp;<em>Data Definition Language<\/em>&nbsp;(Langage de D\u00e9finition de Donn\u00e9es), c&rsquo;est-\u00e0-dire un ensemble de commandes permettant de d\u00e9crire la conception globale d&rsquo;une base de donn\u00e9es en SQL (<em>Structured Query Language<\/em>). Les principales commandes du DDL sont les suivantes :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>CREATE<\/strong>\u00a0: Utilis\u00e9e pour cr\u00e9er de nouveaux objets.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>ALTER<\/strong>\u00a0: Utilis\u00e9e pour modifier la structure d&rsquo;objets existants.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>DROP<\/strong>\u00a0: Utilis\u00e9e pour supprimer des objets.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Utilisation des commandes CREATE, ALTER et DROP dans MySQL<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>a. CREATE<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>La commande CREATE est utilis\u00e9e pour cr\u00e9er de nouvelles bases de donn\u00e9es, de nouvelles tables ou de nouvelles&nbsp;<em>vues<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Exemple :<\/strong>\u00a0CREATE DATABASE toko_buku ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Explication :<\/strong>\u00a0Cette commande cr\u00e9e une nouvelle base de donn\u00e9es nomm\u00e9e toko_buku.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>b. ALTER<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>La commande ALTER est utilis\u00e9e pour modifier la structure d&rsquo;une table d\u00e9j\u00e0 cr\u00e9\u00e9e. Cette op\u00e9ration permet d&rsquo;ajouter, de supprimer, de modifier des colonnes, de transformer la table ou d&rsquo;attribuer de nouvelles propri\u00e9t\u00e9s aux colonnes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Exemple :<\/strong>\u00a0ALTER TABLE buku ADD judul_buku varchar(20) ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Explication :<\/strong>\u00a0Cette commande ajoute un nouveau\u00a0<em>champ<\/em>\u00a0(colonne) nomm\u00e9 judul_buku, de type varchar avec une longueur maximale de 20 caract\u00e8res, \u00e0 la table buku.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>c. DROP<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>La commande DROP supprime d\u00e9finitivement un objet de la base de donn\u00e9es. Cet objet peut \u00eatre la base de donn\u00e9es elle-m\u00eame, une table, une&nbsp;<em>fonction<\/em>, un&nbsp;<em>index<\/em>, une&nbsp;<em>proc\u00e9dure<\/em>, un&nbsp;<em>d\u00e9clencheur<\/em>&nbsp;ou une&nbsp;<em>vue<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Exemple :<\/strong>\u00a0DROP DATABASE toko_buku ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Explication :<\/strong>\u00a0Cette commande supprime la base de donn\u00e9es nomm\u00e9e toko_buku.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Types de donn\u00e9es dans MySQL<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Choisir le bon type de donn\u00e9es est tr\u00e8s important pour l&rsquo;efficacit\u00e9 du stockage en base de donn\u00e9es. Voici les cat\u00e9gories de types de donn\u00e9es dans MySQL :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>A. Types de donn\u00e9es num\u00e9riques<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Utilis\u00e9s pour stocker des donn\u00e9es de type nombre.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>TINYINT :<\/strong>\u00a0Stocke des entiers (positifs\/n\u00e9gatifs). Plage : -128 \u00e0 127. Taille : 1 octet (8 bits).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>SMALLINT :<\/strong>\u00a0Stocke des entiers. Plage : -32 768 \u00e0 32 767. Taille : 2 octets (16 bits).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>MEDIUMINT :<\/strong>\u00a0Stocke des entiers. Plage : -8 388 608 \u00e0 8 388 607. Taille : 3 octets (24 bits).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>INT :<\/strong>\u00a0Stocke des entiers. Plage : -2 147 483 648 \u00e0 2 147 483 647. Taille : 4 octets (32 bits).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>BIGINT :<\/strong>\u00a0Stocke des entiers de grande taille. Plage : -9 223 372 036 854 775 808 \u00e0 9 223 372 036 854 775 807. Taille : 8 octets (64 bits).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>FLOAT :<\/strong>\u00a0Stocke des nombres \u00e0 virgule flottante en simple pr\u00e9cision. Taille : 4 octets (32 bits).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>DOUBLE \/ REAL :<\/strong>\u00a0Stocke des nombres \u00e0 virgule flottante en double pr\u00e9cision. Taille : 8 octets (64 bits).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>DECIMAL \/ NUMERIC :<\/strong>\u00a0Stocke des nombres \u00e0 virgule fixe avec une tr\u00e8s haute pr\u00e9cision. Taille : 8 octets (64 bits).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>B. Types de donn\u00e9es cha\u00eenes de caract\u00e8res (Texte)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Utilis\u00e9s pour stocker des donn\u00e9es sous forme de caract\u00e8res ou de texte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>CHAR :<\/strong>\u00a0Stocke une cha\u00eene de longueur fixe (ex. : identifiant d&rsquo;article, num\u00e9ro de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 sociale). Plage : 0 \u00e0 255 caract\u00e8res.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>VARCHAR :<\/strong>\u00a0Stocke une cha\u00eene de longueur variable. Plage : 0 \u00e0 65 535 caract\u00e8res (dans les versions r\u00e9centes).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>TINYTEXT :<\/strong>\u00a0Stocke un texte court. Plage : 0 \u00e0 255 caract\u00e8res.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>TEXT :<\/strong>\u00a0Stocke un texte standard. Plage : 0 \u00e0 65 535 caract\u00e8res.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>MEDIUMTEXT :<\/strong>\u00a0Stocke un texte de taille moyenne. Plage : 0 \u00e0 16 777 215 caract\u00e8res.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>LONGTEXT :<\/strong>\u00a0Stocke un tr\u00e8s long texte. Plage : 0 \u00e0 4 294 967 295 caract\u00e8res.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>C. Types de donn\u00e9es Date et Heure<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Utilis\u00e9s pour stocker des donn\u00e9es de date et d&rsquo;heure.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>DATE :<\/strong>\u00a0Stocke une date (Format : AAAA-MM-JJ). Plage : &lsquo;1000-01-01&rsquo; \u00e0 &lsquo;9999-12-31&rsquo;. Taille : 3 octets.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>TIME :<\/strong>\u00a0Stocke une heure (Format : HH:MM:SS). Plage : &lsquo;-838:59:59&rsquo; \u00e0 &lsquo;+838:59:59&rsquo;. Taille : 3 octets.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>DATETIME :<\/strong>\u00a0Combinaison de la date et de l&rsquo;heure (Format : AAAA-MM-JJ HH:MM:SS). Plage : &lsquo;1000-01-01 00:00:00&rsquo; \u00e0 &lsquo;9999-12-31 23:59:59&rsquo;. Taille : 8 octets.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>YEAR :<\/strong>\u00a0Stocke une ann\u00e9e (Format : AAAA). Plage : 1900 \u00e0 2155. Taille : 1 octet.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>D. Types de donn\u00e9es BLOB (Binaires)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>BLOB signifie&nbsp;<em>Binary Large Object<\/em>. Il est utilis\u00e9 pour stocker des donn\u00e9es binaires pures, il est&nbsp;<em>sensible \u00e0 la casse<\/em>&nbsp;et il est id\u00e9al pour les fichiers multim\u00e9dias tels que les images, les documents ou les sons.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>BIT :<\/strong>\u00a0Stocke des donn\u00e9es binaires. Plage : 64 chiffres binaires.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>TINYBLOB :<\/strong>\u00a0Taille maximale de 255 octets.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>BLOB :<\/strong>\u00a0Taille maximale de 65 535 octets.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>MEDIUMBLOB :<\/strong>\u00a0Taille maximale de 16 777 215 octets.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>LONGBLOB :<\/strong>\u00a0Taille maximale de 4 294 967 295 octets.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Types de Cl\u00e9s en SQL<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Une cl\u00e9 en SQL est une combinaison d&rsquo;un ou plusieurs attributs (colonnes) qui sert \u00e0 distinguer de mani\u00e8re unique les lignes de donn\u00e9es dans une table ou \u00e0 lier (mettre en relation) une table avec une autre.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Super Cl\u00e9 :<\/strong>\u00a0Un ensemble d&rsquo;attributs pouvant \u00eatre utilis\u00e9 pour identifier de mani\u00e8re unique chaque ligne de donn\u00e9es d&rsquo;une table.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Cl\u00e9 Candidate :<\/strong>\u00a0Une super cl\u00e9 minimale ne comportant aucun attribut redondant. Une cl\u00e9 candidate est choisie parmi la plus petite combinaison de\u00a0<em>champs<\/em>\u00a0capable d&rsquo;identifier des valeurs uniques.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Cl\u00e9 Primaire :<\/strong>\u00a0La cl\u00e9 candidate retenue comme identifiant principal d&rsquo;un\u00a0<em>enregistrement<\/em>. Les donn\u00e9es d&rsquo;une cl\u00e9 primaire\u00a0<strong>ne doivent pas \u00eatre vides<\/strong>\u00a0(<em>Not Null<\/em>) et\u00a0<strong>ne doivent pas se dupliquer<\/strong>. Chaque table ne peut avoir qu&rsquo;une seule Cl\u00e9 Primaire.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Cl\u00e9 Alternative :<\/strong>\u00a0Une cl\u00e9 candidate qui\u00a0<em>n&rsquo;est pas choisie<\/em>\u00a0comme Cl\u00e9 Primaire.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Cl\u00e9 \u00c9trang\u00e8re :<\/strong>\u00a0Cl\u00e9 utilis\u00e9e pour relier une table \u00e0 une autre, formant ainsi une relation\u00a0<em>parent-enfant<\/em>. La Cl\u00e9 Primaire de la table parent est r\u00e9f\u00e9renc\u00e9e par la Cl\u00e9 \u00c9trang\u00e8re de la table li\u00e9e (enfant).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Cl\u00e9 Composite :<\/strong>\u00a0Cl\u00e9 compos\u00e9e de deux attributs ou plus permettant d&rsquo;identifier de mani\u00e8re unique une entit\u00e9. G\u00e9n\u00e9ralement utilis\u00e9e lorsqu&rsquo;aucune colonne unique ne remplit les conditions pour \u00eatre Cl\u00e9 Primaire.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Types de Contraintes dans MySQL<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Les&nbsp;<em>contraintes<\/em>&nbsp;sont des r\u00e8gles appliqu\u00e9es aux colonnes ou aux tables pour pr\u00e9server l&rsquo;int\u00e9grit\u00e9 et la validit\u00e9 des donn\u00e9es.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>NOT NULL :<\/strong>\u00a0Garantit qu&rsquo;une colonne ne peut pas \u00eatre laiss\u00e9e vide lors de l&rsquo;insertion d&rsquo;un\u00a0<em>enregistrement<\/em>. La colonne doit obligatoirement \u00eatre renseign\u00e9e.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>UNIQUE :<\/strong>\u00a0Garantit que chaque valeur d&rsquo;une colonne est diff\u00e9rente des autres (pas d&rsquo;enregistrements en double).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>PRIMARY KEY :<\/strong>\u00a0Combinaison des contraintes NOT NULL et UNIQUE. Identifie chaque ligne d&rsquo;une table de mani\u00e8re unique. Une seule PRIMARY KEY est autoris\u00e9e par table.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>FOREIGN KEY :<\/strong>\u00a0Maintient l&rsquo;int\u00e9grit\u00e9 r\u00e9f\u00e9rentielle entre les tables. Garantit que la valeur de la colonne enfant poss\u00e8de une r\u00e9f\u00e9rence valide dans la colonne parent (d&rsquo;une autre table).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>CHECK :<\/strong>\u00a0Effectue une validation ou une v\u00e9rification avant que les donn\u00e9es ne soient enregistr\u00e9es dans la base. Les donn\u00e9es sont \u00e9valu\u00e9es par une valeur\u00a0<em>bool\u00e9enne<\/em>\u00a0; si la condition est remplie, elle est \u00e9valu\u00e9e \u00e0\u00a0<em>true<\/em>\u00a0et les donn\u00e9es sont enregistr\u00e9es, mais si elle est\u00a0<em>false<\/em>, SQL les rejette et affiche un message d&rsquo;<em>erreur<\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Introduction au Langage de D\u00e9finition de Donn\u00e9es (DDL) DDL&nbsp;signifie&nbsp;Data Definition Language&nbsp;(Langage de D\u00e9finition de Donn\u00e9es), c&rsquo;est-\u00e0-dire un ensemble de commandes permettant de d\u00e9crire la conception globale d&rsquo;une base de donn\u00e9es en SQL (Structured Query Language). Les principales commandes du DDL sont les suivantes : Utilisation des commandes CREATE, ALTER et DROP dans MySQL a. CREATE La commande CREATE est utilis\u00e9e pour cr\u00e9er de nouvelles bases de donn\u00e9es, de nouvelles tables ou de nouvelles&nbsp;vues. b. ALTER La commande ALTER est utilis\u00e9e pour modifier la structure d&rsquo;une table d\u00e9j\u00e0 cr\u00e9\u00e9e. Cette op\u00e9ration permet d&rsquo;ajouter, de supprimer, de modifier des colonnes, de transformer la table ou d&rsquo;attribuer de nouvelles propri\u00e9t\u00e9s aux colonnes. c. DROP La commande DROP supprime d\u00e9finitivement un objet de la base de donn\u00e9es. Cet objet peut \u00eatre la base de donn\u00e9es elle-m\u00eame, une table, une&nbsp;fonction, un&nbsp;index, une&nbsp;proc\u00e9dure, un&nbsp;d\u00e9clencheur&nbsp;ou une&nbsp;vue. Types de donn\u00e9es dans MySQL Choisir le bon type de donn\u00e9es est tr\u00e8s important pour l&rsquo;efficacit\u00e9 du stockage en base de donn\u00e9es. Voici les cat\u00e9gories de types de donn\u00e9es dans MySQL : A. Types de donn\u00e9es num\u00e9riques Utilis\u00e9s pour stocker des donn\u00e9es de type nombre. B. Types de donn\u00e9es cha\u00eenes de caract\u00e8res (Texte) Utilis\u00e9s pour stocker des donn\u00e9es sous forme de &hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2999,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[95],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3010","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-programmation"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>DDL, Types de donn\u00e9es, Cl\u00e9s et Contraintes dans MySQL<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Aborde la d\u00e9finition du DDL (CREATE, ALTER, DROP), les types de donn\u00e9es, les types de cl\u00e9s et les contraintes de base de donn\u00e9es pour les d\u00e9butants.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, 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